Nucleic acid extraction offers crucial support for the rapid and accurate detection of molecular markers for foodborne pathogens. To address the problems associated with traditional methods, including their cumbersome operation, strong instrument dependence, and high cost, a novel nucleic acid extraction material was developed based on chitosan (CS)-modified polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel. The hydrogel was prepared via repeated freeze-thaw cycles, and nucleic acids were adsorbed into the porous PVA structure. The capture of negatively charged nucleic acids was enhanced through electrostatic interactions provided by the protonated amino groups (-NH3+) of CS. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed abundant binding sites within the CS-PVA microfiber network. Successful loading of CS was confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), with characteristic peaks detected at 1 560 cm-1 (-NH3+ bending vibration) and 1 651 cm-1 (amide I band). Based on performance tests, the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) Ct value of nucleic acids extracted with CS-PVA was 20.60, which was significantly lower than that obtained with traditional PVA (30.98), indicating a 1 351.74-fold increase in adsorption capacity. For contaminated meat samples, the entire process from extraction to PCR detection was completed within 5 min. In contrast to the spin column method (time taken: >60 min) and the magnetic bead method (cost: >RMB 5 per sample), the present method required only 5 minute for extraction and the cost was reduced to RMB 0.5 per sample. In conclusion, efficient adsorption is achieved through the synergistic effect of electrostatic and hydrogen bonds in CS-PVA, providing an efficient, low-cost, and centrifuge-free nucleic acid extraction solution for on-site rapid detection of foodborne pathogens. This technique offers broad application prospects in grassroots testing.