The biological activities of essential oils from Alpinia coriandriodora D. Fang stem and leaf were investigated. The chemical composition, cytotoxicity, antibacterial activity, and anti-enzyme properties of these essential oils were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the MTT assay, the diameter of the inhibition zone (DIZ), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Essential oils from A. coriandriodora stem and leaf were primarily composed of (E)-2-decenal (65.02% and 76.81%), (E)-2-decenyl acetate (13.69% and 11.27%), (E)-2-octenal (4.53% and 2.01%), and decanal (2.04% and 2.02%). Significant cytotoxic effects (IC50 values: 11.95~331.81 μg•mL-1) were observed against A549, NCI-H1299, K562, and PC-3 cancer cells. Strong antibacterial activities were demonstrated against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, and Enterococcus faecalis (DIZ: 7.94~33.19 mm; MIC: 0.02~3.13 mg•mL-1, MBC: 0.05~3.13 mg•mL-1). Additionally, essential oils from A. coriandriodora stems and leaves exhibited inhibitory activity against tyrosinase, α-glucosidase, and cholinesterase (IC50 values: 0.12~6.15 mg•mL-1), along with cytotoxic, antibacterial, and anti-enzyme activities. These findings suggest that they are a promising source of bioactive compounds for potential applications in medicine and food.