The preventive effects of bamboo shoot fiber and bamboo shoot fiber combined with probiotics on obesity and dyslipidemia in mice fed with a high-fat diet were investigated. C57BL/6J mice were divided into the normal group (CL), highfat microcrystalline cellulose group (HFC), high-fat bamboo shoot fiber group (HFF), high-fat microcrystalline cellulose+probiotic group (HFCB), and high-fat bamboo shoot fiber+probiotic group (HFFB), with the dietary intervention lasting for 12 weeks. The effects of each dietary intervention on obese mice were analyzed based on body weight, organ mass, blood biochemical parameters, and histopathology. The composition and diversity of the colonic microbiota were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing, and fecal short-chain fatty acids were quantified by metabolomics. The results showed that the body, liver, and adipose tissue weights of the mice, as well as serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, were significantly reduced, while adipocyte volume was restored in both HFF and HFFB dietary intervention groups compared to that in the HFC group. The ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes in the intestines of the HFF and HFFB groups decreased by 39.67% and 34.78%, respectively, and the diversity of the microbiota was significantly enhanced. Compared with HFC, the bamboo shoot fiber intervention significantly promoted the levels of acetate (from 1.17 to 2.17 μg•mg-1), butyrate (from 0.05 to 0.17 μg•mg-1), and total short-chain fatty acids (from 1.71 to 2.83 μg•mg-1) in feces. In conclusion, bamboo shoot fiber combined with probiotics can prevent high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice by increasing gut microbiota diversity, promoting short-chain fatty acid production, and improving dyslipidemia and lipid accumulation. This study provides an experimental foundation and a theoretical framework for the further development of bamboo shoot fiber-based functional foods and medicines.