The potential antibacterial infection mechanism of Eleocharis dulcis peel flavonoids (EPF) was investigated using network pharmacology combined with molecular docking to analyze the potential efficacy and targets of EPF. Small-molecule EPF compounds with antibacterial activity and their potential targets were screened through bioinformatic databases, and a protein-protein interaction network was constructed to link EPF with antibacterial targets. GO functional annotation and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis were performed on these targets. Visual analysis techniques were then applied to elucidate the complex regulatory network between EPF and core pathway targets, and to analyze the target-target and EPF-target interactions. Additionally, molecular docking was performed to further verify the binding mechanisms of EPF small-molecule compounds to the key targets. Results indicated that diosmetin, eriodictyol, fisetin, kaempferol, luteolin, and quercetin were identified as the key flavonoid compounds within EPF responsible for its potent antibacterial properties. The antibacterial efficacy of EPF was attributed to its multi-target regulation of inflammatory responses and immune processes. Molecular docking revealed that EPF compounds exhibited strong binding affinities for target proteins such as HSP90AA1, MMP9, and PPARG. These findings provide theoretical support for the in-depth exploration of the active ingredients in E. dulcis and their molecular mechanisms of action, thus laying a theoretical foundation for subsequent antibacterial applications of E. dulcis peel.