Electric field-assisted extraction can address the problems of low efficiency, high energy consumption, and loss of target products in the extraction of functional compounds by traditional methods. However, its mechanism of action is complex and its large-scale application remains limited. Electric field-assisted extraction utilizes non-thermal effects, namely electroporation, to effectively disrupt cell membranes and walls, promoting the release of intracellular and functional compounds. Studies have shown that parameters such as electric field intensity, frequency, treatment time, and medium characteristics have a significant impact on extraction yield and recovery rate. Herein, we review the advances in the non-thermal effects of electric fields in the extraction of functional components, elaborates on different mechanisms of action and influencing factors, and introduces the application of electric fields in the extraction of functional components from plant, animal, and microbial sources, as well as their combined use with other techniques for enhanced extraction efficiency and promote industrialization. Collectively, this study provides a theoretical foundation for the application of electric field technology in the large-scale extraction of functional compounds.