With continuous expansion of the probiotic food market, issues related to product characteristics, such as strain labeling and viable bacterial counts, have become increasingly relevant. Consequently, increasingly stringent requirements have also been imposed for assessing the quality and safety of probiotic foods. The aim of this review was to introduce the internationally recognized “qualified presumption of safety” and “generally recognized as safe” evaluation systems for probiotic strains, as well as the management regulations for probiotic strains employed in some countries and international organizations. The requirements for viable bacterial counts in probiotic foods, both domestically and internationally, were also reviewed. Collectively, this review systematically summarizes the technological development and current technical standards for probiotic foods concerning strain identification, safety evaluation, viable bacterial counting, gastrointestinal tolerance detection, intestinal adhesion capability detection, and functional evaluation of probiotic foods, thereby providing a theoretical foundation for constructing a quality and safety evaluation system that aligns with recent industrial developments in the field.