The anti-aging effects of partridge tea polyphenosls were investigated by examining the protective mechanisms of its purified components (PT-1, PT-2, and PT-3) against D-galactose-induced senescence in HaCaT cells. Three polyphenol fractions were obtained through heat reflux extraction followed by purification with HPD600 macroporous resin. A cell senescence model was established, through which cell viability, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, and MDA content were measured, with additional analyses of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, apoptosis, and gene expression performed specifically for PT-1. Significant amelioration of senescent phenotypes was observed for all three fractions (100~400 μg•mL-1), among which PT-1 was found to exhibit the most pronounced effects. Under modeled conditions, cell viability increased by up to 61.79%, SOD activity increased by 22.26-fold, and CAT activity was restored to 28.62 U•mg-1 protein, with concurrent reductions observed in MDA content (67.59%), ROS levels (50.25%), and apoptosis rate (45.7%). In terms of molecular mechanisms, PT-1 was found to upregulate SOD and CAT expression by 10.61- and 9.53-fold, respectively, while also downregulating Bax, Caspase-9, and Caspase-3 expression by 52.32%, 50.52%, and 41.42%, respectively. Significant suppression was also observed in P53 (44.05%), P21 (52.18%), and P16 (68.33%) expression. These findings indicate that partridge tea polyphenols, particularly PT-1, can exert antiaging effects by coordinating the modulation of oxidative stress and cell cycle and apoptotic pathways, thereby providing a scientific basis for developing anti-aging therapeutics.