Foodborne pathogens are among the most significant contributors to food safety incidents, severely hindering the sustainable development of the food industry. Developing rapid detection methods with high sensitivity, low cost, and strong specificity is crucial for ensuring food safety and advancing the food industry. Conventional detection methods are limited by low sensitivity, prolonged analysis time, complex procedures, and inadequate specificity. This review summarizes the latest research advances in foodborne pathogen detection in recent years, focusing on immunoassay techniques, molecular biological detection technologies, and biosensor-based detection. It also discusses the integration of various technologies to develop novel rapid detection methods and their applications in foodborne pathogen detection. Advances in science and technology will enable future rapid detection methods to leverage multidisciplinary integration, facilitating convenient and intelligent pathogen monitoring. These advancements should yield effective detection tools and preventive strategies for food safety management and public health protection.