Cells are the fundamental functional units for maintaining tissue homeostasis and organismal health, and their normal physiological functions highly rely on precise nutritional supply. Cells of different types and physiological states exhibit significantly distinct nutritional requirements during life processes including proliferation, differentiation, and stress response. The core challenge in this field is that traditional nutritional interventions are mostly conducted at the organismal and tissue levels, which can hardly meet the specific nutritional demands at the cellular level. Although functional microorganisms such as lactic acid bacteria and yeast have been verified to possess the potential to regulate cellular nutrition, their action mechanisms, functional resources and application prospects still lack systematic summary. This review systematically outlines the core demands of cellular precision nutrition in terms of proliferation, differentiation, antioxidant defense, anti-apoptosis and function execution. It further summarizes the latest research progress in the multiple mechanisms underlying cellular precision nutrition regulation by functional microorganisms, including synthesizing essential nutrients, targeting key signaling pathways, enhancing endogenous antioxidant defense, inhibiting abnormal apoptosis and modulating immune cell function. This review aims to systematically summarize the research progress of functional microorganisms in cellular precision nutrition, so as to provide theoretical references for the development of novel functional resources for cellular precision nutrition, as well as useful references for further mechanistic research and industrial application in this field.