To clarify the material basis, therapeutic targets, and potential mechanisms of functional food black sesame in improving anemia, provide a scientific basis for its precise application in anemia regulation, and offer new ideas for the development of related functional foods, this study employed a systematic approach combining network pharmacology and molecular docking technology. Active components of black sesame with oral bioavailability (OB) ≥20% and drug-likeness (DL) ≥0.05 were screened using the TCMSP database; anemia-related diseases and targets were identified through databases including SymMap and Metascape platform; a "component-target-disease" network was constructed with Cytoscape, and core targets were recognized by the MCODE algorithm; molecular docking verification was performed via AutoDock Vina, with results visualized as a molecular docking heatmap, and GO functional enrichment and KEGG pathway analyses were also conducted. A total of 24 active components, 12 types of anemia-related diseases, and 16 therapeutic targets were identified, with ESR1, BCL2, and SERPINE1 confirmed as core targets. Molecular docking results showed that MOL009834 (sesamolin) formed stable bindings with BCL2 (binding energy: -8.8 kcal•mol-1) and SERPINE1 (binding energy: -8.6 kcal•mol-1), while MOL000492 ((+)-catechin) stably bound to ESR1 (binding energy: -9.0 kcal•mol-1). Enrichment analyses verified that core targets involved synergistic effects of multiple pathways such as apoptosis regulation and JAK-STAT signaling pathway.Black sesame may improve anemia through the synergistic action of multiple pathways by acting on key targets including ESR1, BCL2, and SERPINE1 via core active components like MOL009834 and MOL000492, confirming the scientific connotation of its anemia-regulating effect and providing a theoretical basis for the development and application of black sesame as a functional food in anemia regulation.