Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer health benefits on the host upon administration in adequate amounts. Probiotics have various functions, including immunoregulation effects, promotion of nutrient absorption, and inhibition of the growth and proliferation of pathogenic bacteria. The recognition of these functions has led to increased consumer demand, thereby positioning the screening and investigation of probiotics as a key focus within the health and functional food industry. Caenorhabditis elegans has been extensively utilized as an animal model owing to its distinct advantages, including short lifespan, transparent body, and completely sequenced genome. This review outlines the application of C. elegans in screening probiotics that promote longevity, and antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiobesity effects, thereby providing a valuable reference for the development and utilization of probiotics.