Polysaccharides are one of the main active ingredients of the Rosaceae plant Rosa rugose Thunb., which have been proven to have various activities in pharmacological studies. At present, the structural studies on rose polysaccharide focus mainly on the modification of primary structure, monosaccharide composition and glycosidic bond linkage. Studies have shown that rose polysaccharides have biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, blood glucose- and lipid-lowering, immunoregulatory, neuroprotective, and Hepato-protective functions, which can be used in nutritional and health foods, skin care products and biomedicine products, and can also be applied to industrial products according to their physical properties. Based on this, this paper analyzes and summarizes the extraction and purification, monosaccharide composition, biological activities and modern applications of rose polysaccharides, in order to provide a reference and basis for further research and analysis of rose polysaccharides.