To investigate the suitability of DNA barcoding for caviar species identification, Cytochrome b (Cyt b) and Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) were used as DNA barcodes, and DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) sequencing were performed on caviar samples. Genome comparison and analysis were performed using the NCBI website and the BOLD identification system to construct a phylogenetic tree and identify the species of each caviar sample, allowing the labeling compliance of Chinese caviar products to be ascertained. Of the 40 Chinese caviar samples purchased, gene sequence similarity between the labeled and identified species generally exceeded 99%, indicating high compliance in terms of labelling. Five species of sturgeon were identified, with 75% of the products comprising several different species, while the remaining 25% were from Siberian, Amur, Beluga, and Russian sturgeon. The results suggest that Cyt b and COI can be used as DNA barcodes to identify caviar species. All of the tested caviar products were derived from sturgeon; however, 45% of the products had incorrect or unclear species labels. Improving the labeling and species identification techniques for caviar species is likely beneficial for Chinese caviar exports, and will ensure that the Chinese caviar industry continues to develop in a healthy and sustainable manner.