The aerobic plate count (APC) and the bacterial population structure and diversity on the eggshell surface were studied on the basis of GB 4789.2-2010 and 16SrDNA sequence analysis using the Illumina Miseq Platform. The results showed that the APC values of eight samples ranged from 3.79 ± 0.67 to 5.06 ± 0.75 log CFU/eggshell ± SD. The 163214 sequences of the eight samples belonged to Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria and Cyanobacteria, among which Enterococcus, Bacillus, Escherichia-Shigella, Pantoea, and Pseudomonas were dominant in eight samples. In each sample, Pseudomonas, Escherichia-Shigella, Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Stenotrophomonas, and Enterococcus showed the highest relative abundance, which were 67.89%, 36.15%, 68.08%, 40.12%, 21.59%, and 26.98%, respectively. The experimental results demonstrated that there were several bacteria and large bacterial populations present on the eggshell surface, and there were abundance differences for the given bacteria among different egg samples. Egg spoilage may be related to the presence of these bacteria on the eggshell surface and this aspect needs to be studied further.