The structure of the archaeal community in pit mud from 30-year-old cellars that is used for the production of Luzhou flavor liquor was analyzed by a Roche GS junior high-throughput sequencing platform. A total of 8,706 valid sequences and 282 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained from samples inthree cellars. The Shannon curves of archaea were stable in the range from 4 to 5 and the value of Chao curves increased with increasing sequence number. The predominant archaeal groups were of the phylum Euryarchaeota: Thermoplasmataceae of class Thermoplasmata, Methanobacteriaceae of class Methanobacteria, as well as Methanomicrobiaceae, Methanocorpusculaceae, and Methanosarcinaceae of class Methanococci. Saccharococcus sp. and WCHD3-02 were also detected. Among these, the dominant archaea groups were Thermoplasmataceae and Methanobacteriaceae, accounting for 39% and 27%, respectively; Methanomicrobiaceae, Methanosarcinaceae, Methanocorpusculaceae, Saccharococcus sp., WCHD3-02, and unclassified sequences accounted for 9%, 7%, 4%, 1%, 1%, and 12%, respectively. Further study on methanogens showed the presence of Methanoculleus marisnigri, Methanoculleus bourgensis, Methanosarcina siciliae, Methanobacterium, Methanocorpusculum and Methanomicrobia.